raster

GDAL

OSS

Translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats. The Swiss Army knife of GIS.

geotiff.js

OSS

Browser and Node.js library for parsing GeoTIFF files for visualization and analysis.

Rasterio

OSS

Python library for reading and writing geospatial raster datasets using GDAL.

Alternative to Google Earth Engine

GRASS GIS

OSS

Free, open-source GIS software for geospatial data management, analysis, and visualization.

Alternative to ArcGIS